Zara Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Zara Strategy - Essay Example Economic In spite of the eurozone crisis and economic recession, UK’s GDP has reduced to a mere 0.2 % compared to the overall industry growth, which has dropped by 0.6%.N According to eminent economists, the unemployment rate will increase to 9% in the coming two years. Around two million people will remain unemployed. The retail clothing market of UK is constantly increasing. According to Key Note report (2012), the UK market showed a 3.3% increase in 2011, and sales reached 43.1 billion pounds. Women’s garments were the largest sector in terms of sales revenue followed by men and children’s sector (Chakrabarti, Subramanian, Meka, & Sudershan, 2012). Social There has been a 7% rise in age group which represents the working population. Because of this, more people are now including formal clothing as their daily wear. This means that in future, Zara may also be required to change its portfolio, in order to match the growing needs of this ageing population. Due to the current economic crisis and budget deficit, the purchasing capacity of the consumers has reduced. Now, sustainable and normal living standard has become a challenge for the local people. To get rid of the difficult financial condition, the UK government has taken the policy of managed migration.... Technology Latest technological advances such as RFID, electronic data exchange and ERP, are used by most of the retailers in UK to decrease operation costs and enhance the value chain process (Pettigrew, 2006). According to the Science and Innovation Investment Framework (2013), there has been only 2% increase in investment in technological advances. This has made the investment condition in UK very inflexible Environment In order to meet the environmental norms, set by Kyoto Protocol, the industries need to reduce the percentage of carbon emission to a minimum of 9% from the present rate. According to the government protocol, the foreign countries in UK need to decrease their Carbon footprint to a minimum of 20% in the coming two years (Unfccc, 2013). Thus, in order to sustain in the market, Zara will have to follow the protocol in its value chain. Legal According to the economic freedom journal’s index, UK has been ranked seventh in terms of free economy (Index of Economic Freedom, 2013). It has also been praised by Wall street Journal for its business and economic sustainability. To solve any labour related issues, the country strictly follows the rules and regulations of European Union Labour Law. This indicates a necessary change in the HR policies and regulations of Zara’s business process to comply the EU Guidelines. Porter Analysis The major categories of apparent industry in UK are men’s wear, children’s wear, and women’s wear. The industry value can be calculated by using Retail Selling Price (RSP). Total Revenue of the Industry CAGR Women’s wear Men’s wear Children swear $54,495 million (2011) 2.1% 59.2% 26.9% 13.9% (Source: Marketline, 2012b) Growth potential of

Family and Cousin Essay Example for Free

Family and Cousin Essay Human behavior can be explored by taking a look at the different aspects of a person’s life. These aspects include the biological, psychological, social, cultural and spiritual. These aspects can help social workers better understand the background history of a person’s life and gather information in order to do an accurate assessment of a person. This paper does not intend to make an assessment but it’s rather an informative paper in order to discover and understand the various systems of a person’s life. Furthermore this paper will also focus on how these systems interact with one another. I chose to do this paper on my cousin who just became a mother and she is currently learning how to adapt to her new way of life. I think she is in an interesting stage in her life and that is also why I chose her. My cousin and I are only a year apart in age and she chose a different path from the one that is expected after she graduated from high school. She decided not to go to college and began to work doing random retail jobs until she found a permanent job as a hostess. We are so different now but a few years ago we did get along and had a lot of things in common. Her relationship with her mother has also changed and now that my cousin is a mother, they seem to understand each other better. BIO-PHYSICAL My cousin’s name is Carla Sanchez and she is twenty two years old and the youngest of three. She is 5’5 and before she had the baby she had lost so much weight but now she regained some of that weight back. She has dark long hair and dark brown eyes. Before she became pregnant she fell in love with her baby’s father and lost a lot of weight. During her teenage years she was not as determined to lose weight as she was when she was nineteen when she met her significant other. During her pregnancy her body went through some physical changes. She did not have impulsive cravings and she ate the foods she normally eats but in larger portions. She gained around sixty pounds and now she looks like the way she did before she lost the weight. Her weight when she was a younger child before the teenage years resembles that of her mother. My aunt had an average weight because she was not skinny but she was not overweight either. My cousin’s weight then was average like her mother’s because due to the genes that were passed down to her through her mother. My cousin’s baby is a girl and looks more like her father but she has my cousin’s straight hair. Now that it has been several weeks after childbirth my cousin plans and is determined to lose the weight again. She looks like her mother and both have a healthy mother and daughter relationship. She is very open-minded and very out spoken. Her mother is also an open-minded person. According to the biological determinism theory it is evident that a person’s personality and physical appearance is embedded into a child from birth trough genetics. My cousin’s parents divorced when she was a young child and therefore she has always been close to her mother and that is why my aunt has been able to greatly influence my cousin’s behavior. Most of her life she has been more attached to her mother. PSYCHOLOGICAL According to Erikson’s theories of psychological development my cousin is in the intimacy versus isolation stage. My cousin’s childhood and teenage years have passed by. All that is left of her childhood and teenage years are memories. She began working at restaurants during her high school years and has stayed with that career. She has gone from being a waitress when she was sixteen to a hostess. However she is thinking of going back to school because she was her daughter to look up to her when her daughter is older. My cousin did not get married and she is not living with her boyfriend. She lives at home with her baby and her mother. All her time is devoted to her baby however there have been times when she is overwhelmed with the task of raising a child and her mother helps her so that she can at least have some time to rest. According to Paiget my cousin is at the stage four which is based on formal operations. At this level problems are now approached using logic, reason and combinational thought. Also individuals at this stage with formal operations can think about their own thoughts, feelings and think about thinking. I think that at this point Paiget is focusing on how we can look back at our past and reflect. My cousin is able to do this now and she now reflects on how her mother raised her so that she can raise her daughter the same way. My cousin constantly worries whether or not she is raising her child in a proper way or to the extent that it is expected of a mother to raise her child. She lives with her mother and her mother helps her by giving her advice from how to comfort the child to how to give the baby a bath. My cousin’s friend had her baby before my cousin and when her friend met my cousin’s child she was also giving her advice on hoe to take care of the baby. She is acquiring knowledge on how to raise her child from people such as her mother that have had years of experience raising children. Her friend told her that she worries to whether she is taking care of her baby the right way. My cousin has to endure a psychological as well as physical adaptation. Paiget describes adaptation as the process by which structures of the mind develop over time to achieve a better fit with the environment and external reality. My cousin is still eating food in large portions as she did when she was pregnant but now she is drinking more milk because she chose to breastfeed her baby. Therefore she keeps gaining weight and is also stressed out. As far as her mental state she is stressed and cannot focus on herself because she is constantly thinking about the well-being of her baby. She worries just as much as other mothers do because she wants her baby to be happy. She said that her baby seems to be cranky most of the time and basically she is dedicating all her time to comfort the baby. My cousin had learned to adapt to her new role as a mother and she will need to keep up as the baby goes through different stages of her life. SOCIAL She has not been working since July and her social life is not as it used to be before she had the baby. However she was visited by her godparents and many friends when she brought the baby home. They have showered the baby with gifts and seeing how other people have acted towards the baby makes her happy. My cousin is trying her best to imitate her mother because she loves her mother and wants to follow her advice so that she can raise a happy child. According to the social learning theory behaviors are mediated by thoughts, expectations as well as emotions and stresses the importance of observational learning or modeling. In my cousin’s case she sees her mom as a model mom that she wants to imitate. As far as I know my aunt really sacrificed a lot so that my cousin’s could have a better life than the one she had. I have seen how selfless my aunt has been especially with my cousin Carla because she is the youngest one. My cousin wants the approval of her mother in everything she does because she has been very attached to my aunt. Her brother and sister live far away from them. My cousin has kept in touch with her fellow co-workers and many of them came to visit her when she brought the baby home. One of her friends who is a teacher and brought her a huge box of pampers. He also gave her some parenting advice because he, as a father of three, thinks that he has had enough experience with kids. He was very happy to see the baby and many of her friends came to see the baby as well. Even though my cousin has not gone out since she gave birth in November 30th, she has had her friends come over to her place to see the baby. However her weeks have turned into the same routine of just staying at home to take care of her baby. The baby’s father also visits her but not too often because their relationship is not in good standing. My cousin is trying to be the mother that society expects her to be but most importantly she is trying to imitate her own mother. My aunt is a fervent believer in the Catholic faith and she raised her children in the same faith as she was raised in. All of her three children were baptized, did the communions and attended mass on Sundays. Until this day my aunt does not miss a mass at her local church. Her children however have not been as devoted as my aunt has been. My cousin Carla stop attending church after her teenage years when she graduated from high school and spent her weekends working. However my aunt always tries to make sure that my cousin does not loose her faith. According to James V. Fowler’s theory of faith development my cousin is at the stage 5 which is the individuative-reflective faith. In this stage young adults question the beliefs and stories they have received from family, friends and other social groups. My cousin does not believe everything that my aunt was taught about Catholicism. For example my cousin did not get married and decided to raise a child as a single mother. My aunt did not approve of this because she was taught that a woman must be a virgin until she gets married. Her other daughter moved in with her boyfriend and then got married. My aunt did not approve of this either. My aunt believes that salvation is obtained by following the church’s sacraments but my cousin believes that no one really knows how to obtain salvation. She also thinks that God is everywhere and therefore she does not need to attend mass every Sunday. My aunt was raised in a very religious home and in her native country religion plays an important role in life but her children who were raised in the United States have found a way to practice their religion however way they think is the proper way. My cousin plans to baptize her daughter and she has picked the godparents already. My family is from Ecuador which is in Latin America so that makes us part of the Latino community. My cousin Carla was born in New Jersey. She had to learn about the Ecuadorian culture and the American culture. When she was a kid my aunt would travel with her and her other siblings to Ecuador so that they could visit their grandmother and learn their cultural roots. My cousin had to learn both languages English and Spanish. She now knows them fluently and this has helped her a lot because she was able to make a lot of friends. In Ecuador gender roles are so delineated. Men are expected to work and women are expected to stay at home raising the children. It is not common for females to work outside the home. Most females graduate from high school and after high school they start raising families. My cousin knows both cultures but since she was born and raised in the United States she identifies more with the American culture. When her baby gets older she expects to go back to work and even go back to school so that she can be able to provide a better living for both. She is a single mother but has learned a lot from her mother who got divorced from her husband when my cousin was a young child. In conclusion these several aspects of a person’s life help us understand how each one relates to the other and how they affect human behavior. Human behavior can be affected by the people we associate with and by the culture we are raised in as well as other factors. These several theories described in this paper are very helpful to understand why a person behaves a certain way.

Major Problems in Mexican American History Essay -- Mexican History Cu

Major Problems in Mexican American History Mexicans have been a people long oppressed. That is evident not only by the readings edited by Zaragosa Vargas in Major Problems in Mexican American History, but also by the the documentary Chicano!. The Mexicans’ past is underscored by conquest of the present-day American Southwest first by the Spanish and then by the United States following the Mexican American War. With other countries establishing control over them, Mexicans have never really been able to establish themselves. Efforts were repeatedly made to shape them into what others perceived them to be. The language they should speak, the religion they should practice, the things they should learn, and the way they should live, were all decisions that for many years Mexicans did not have the power to control. This lack of power allowed the Spanish and the United States to take advantage of Mexican rights, labor and land. In addition, it also produced a loss of Mexican identity and culture. Mexican American history began in the16th century under Spanish colonialism. The Spanish had a goal of conquest and colonization. Evidently, that goal was successfully accomplished because when the Spanish first arrived in 1492 Mexico’s population was fourteen million, but by the end of the 16th century it had drastically declined to one million. Numbers decreased because of the cruel treatment, forced labor, and disease brought by the Spanish. The Spanish eventually controlled most of the territory in the Southwest and over three hundred towns had been established for the purpose of control and conversion. The Spanish imposed conditions on the natives of Mexico that would belittle them. They aimed to convert them in order to make them re... ...heightened sense of self and group identity. The term Chicano encouraged Mexican Americans to take pride and interest in their history of struggle in America. It is when dealing with this period in Mexican-American history that the documentary Chicano! steps in for Vargas, better explaining the movement that occurred. Mexican Americans distinguished themselves at home and abroad during World War II and worked toward political, educational, and social equality in the country they defended. ...La Raza! Mejicano! Espanol! Latino! Hispano! Chicano! or whatever I call myself. I look the same. I feel the same...I cry and Sing the same. I am the masses of my people and I refuse to be absorbed. I am Joaquin...The odds are great but my spirit is strong...My faith unbreakable...My blood is pure...I am Aztec Prince and Christian Christ...I SHALL ENDURE! I WILL ENDURE!

Satellite Surveillance Essay -- Satellites Weapons Technology Essays

Satellite Surveillance I. Preface My interest in satellite surveillance did not really appear to after I saw the movie "Enemy of the State" in 1998. The synopsis of the movie is: Robert Dean (Will Smith) is a labor lawyer who is unknowingly in possession of evidence related to a serious politically motivated crime. Government agents eager to hide their guilt believe that Dean is on to them, and proceed to turn his life upside-down, ruin his reputation, and frame him for various incidents, thanks to the latest in high-tech government surveillance techniques. In an attempt to clear his name and reclaim his life, Dean teams up with the reclusive Brill (Gene Hackman), a former federal employee who has as much high-tech equipment and expertise as the government itself. Smith scores as a man who is desperate to reclaim his identity and prove his innocence. This intense technological thrill-ride from director Tony Scott questions how much access the government should have to the communications of private citizens, and leave s the viewer with the unsettling feeling that Big Brother is definitely watching. After this movie I was amazed that we have the capability in our hands to do this. I have two scenes from the movie that show the technology at work. II. Introduction A powerful worldwide surveillance system is being built up and the world is being watched. Spy satellites are orbiting the earth, those are the eyes in the sky, and millions of video cameras and other sensors are scattered on the earth, the eyes and ears on the ground. The computer networks are continually growing, the brians of the system. Implantable microchips with miniature digital transceivers are attached to many objects and animals, and lately to some hu... ...tion-en.html> (31 October 2003) ACLU, "ACLU Urges Congress to Investigate ECHELON Surveillance System," <http://archive.aclu.org/congress/lg040699a.html> (06 April 1999) MTC ONLINE, " Reports of Current Experimentation with Microwave and EM Weapons," <http://www.heart7.net/mcf/1.html> (10 August 2003) "Directed Energy Weapons," <http://www.rhfweb.com/hweb/shared2/usexist.html#Directed%20Energy%20Weapons> (2001) Hi-Tech Methods, "Technology of control," <http://members.tripod.com/%7Emdars/1/war2.htm> "The Microwave Syndrome," <http://www.grn.es/electropolucio/omega287.htm> (20 September 2003) Duncan Cambell, "Inside Echelon," Inside Echelon.pdf, 25 July 2000 European Parliment, "Echelon Interception System," Report.pdf, 11 July 2001 Patrick S. Poole, "ECHELON: America's Secret Global Surveillance Network," Echelon.pdf, 2000

Best Practices in Human Capital Development Essay

Human capital refers to the stock of productive skills and technical knowledge embodied in labor. Many early economic theories refer to it simply as labor, one of three factors of production, and consider it to be a fungible resource – homogeneous and easily interchangeable. Other conceptions of labor dispense with these assumptions. Today’s Globalization and competition among companies made companies to select the best practices for Human Capital Development. This Research contributes to the Best Human Capital Development Practices that are implemented by the companies and continues with in-depth study of its Weakness and Strengths and calculate the production metrics of each practice. Accenture Human Capital Development Framework (HCDF) Research from HCI (Human Capital Institute) shows that Human Capital Development Framework is one of the best Human Capital Development practice in the corporate world. The Accenture HCDF uses four distinct measurement tiers in arriving at an assessment of an organization’s human capital practices. These tiers reflect the key variables that influence the relationship between a company’s human capital assets and its financial performance: Tier 1, Business results, consists of measures of organizational performance (e. g. , traditional financial analyses featuring EVA TM, revenue growth, market share and stock performance). Tier 2, Key performance drivers, consists of measures of intermediate organizational outcomes (e. g. , productivity, quality, innovation and customer satisfaction) often captured on a balanced scorecard. Tier 3, Human Capital Capabilities, consists of the most immediate and visible people-related qualities (including employee attitudes and abilities) that are necessary for achieving critical business outcomes. Their influence is felt through key performance drivers. Page 2 Tier 4, Human Capital Processes, consists of practices that lead to robust and effective human capital capabilities. Included in this tier are core HR processes (e. g. , competency management and performance appraisal) and broader human capital processes such as learning and knowledge management. Strengths: Individual Development is focused, Growth Oriented, Human Resource Identification and Performance Appraisal. Weakness: Team Management is Absent, Production rates and costly. 360-Degree Performance Management Feedback System As per Research with HR Capital Management and Development, Report, 2007: This system, which solicits feedback from seniors (including the boss), peers and subordinates, has been increasingly embraced as the best of all available methods for collecting performance feedback. Gone are the days of working hard to impress only one person, now the opinions of all matter, especially if you are in a leadership role (at any level). Every person in the team is responsible for giving relevant, positive and constructive feedback. Such systems also help in identifying leaders for higher level positions in the organization. Senior managers could use this feed back for self development. Sony and Acer are implementing this HR tool for development of Human Capital. (The Best HR Capital Development Practice, Geetha Sharma 2007) Strengths: Motivational, Higher Retention of Employees, Leadership and Higher Production rates. Weakness: Misunderstanding and Disputes between executives and Managers. Page 3 Knowledge Sharing Adopt a systematic approach to ensure that knowledge management supports strategy. Store knowledge in databases to provide greater access to information posted either by the company or the employees on the knowledge portals of the company. When an employee returns after Attending any competencies or skills development program, sharing essential knowledge with others could be made mandatory. Innovative ideas (implemented at the work place) are good to be posted on these knowledge sharing platforms. However, what to store & how to maintain a Knowledge base requires deep thinking to avoid clutter. This HR Practice is performed at Google, Inc. and other large companies. Strengths: Responsibility of employees, Development in Teams. Weakness: Only Innovative Groups are encouraged leading to inequality. Fair Evaluation System for Employees Develop an evaluation system that clearly links individual performance to corporate business goals and priorities. Each employee should have well defined reporting relationships. Self rating as a part of evaluation process empowers employees. Evaluation becomes fairer if it is based on the records of periodic counseling & achievements of the employee, tracked over the year. For higher objectivity, besides the immediate boss, each employee should be screened by the next higher level (often called a Reviewer). Cross – functional feedback, if obtained by the immediate boss from another manager (for whom this employee’s work is also important), will add to the fairness of the system. A relative rating of all subordinates reporting to the same manager is another tool for fairness of evaluation. Normalization of evaluation is yet another dimension Page 4 Of improving fairness. This is practiced at many companies around the globe with Equal Opportunity Provider Including HSBC and American Embassy. Performance linked Bonuses Research with SBA, USA on Human Resources Practice: Paying out bonuses or having any kind of variable compensation plan can be both an incentive and disillusionment, based on how it is administered and communicated. Bonus must be designed in such a way that people understand that there is no payout unless the company hits a certain level of profitability. Additional criteria could be the team’s success and the individual’s performance. Never pay out bonus without measuring performance, unless it is a statutory obligation. Companies like Nokia and GM are implementing this practice. Strengths: High Productivity and Determination among Human Resources. Weakness: Cost Effective to the Company. Metrics to evaluate Organization Human Capital Development Processes: Research with Northern California Human Resources Association (NCHRA), Companies should evaluate the Human Capital Development by Estimating the ROI (Return on Investment) with the staff and other functionalities like revenue growth, market share and stock performance. Employee Retention and High Productive nature helps the companies to evaluate the Organizations Human Capital Development. Page 5 Companies should take Staffing as a Profit Center. Companies are spending more than ever on training programs to drive specific strategic initiatives and improve performance, yet they often fail to demonstrate the business value of their investments. Research with HR Metrics and Development Seminar, 2005: Each metric contains 2 to 5 performance indicators. For instance, â€Å"employee attitudes† metric includes the following indicators: Job Contentment (the percentage of employees satisfied with their job), and Manager Contentment (the percentage of employees satisfied with their manager). References †¢ Marcus Buckingham and Curt Coffman, First Break All the Rules (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999). †¢ Accenture High Performance Workforce Study, 2002-2003. †¢ HR Capital Management and Development, Report, 2007. †¢ HR Metrics and Development Seminar, 2005. †¢ Human Resource Capital Institute, New York †¢ The Best HR Capital Development Practice, Geetha Sharma 2007. †¢ Northern California Human Resources Association (NCHRA), Website for HR Managers.

Probation and Parole Through History

Probation and Parole Through History Free Online Research Papers In August 1841, a Boston, Massachusetts shoemaker named John Augustus bailed the first person out of jail. The person was a â€Å"common drunkard†, married with kids. A â€Å"common drunkard† is â€Å"legally defined at the time as someone who had arrested for intoxication at least three times in a six-month period† ( Panzarella, R. (2002, December). Theory and Practice of Probation of Bail in the Report of John Augustus. Federal Probation, 66(3), 38. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from Academic Search Premier Database). John Augustus was known as the Godfather of Probation. It was his devotion to helping the unfortunate that began the first probations in the United States. Mr. Augustus had strict rules on the types of people he would bail out of trouble. At first he only bailed men out and then in July 1842 he bailed the first woman out of trouble and in October 1843 he bailed out his first set of children. Augustus always checked out each person he was bailing out of trouble. If the men and women were not married with children and not repeat offenders, he would not bail them out. Children were the only group of people who he would bail out as first offenders. He had a strict rule that all probation was a family oriented arrangement and that all offenders had to be capable of working and supporting his or her family. Children were sent to school or supplied with some honest employment. According to Kathy Waters (2002), John Augustus, â€Å"had a definite view that the object of the law is to reform criminals, and to prevent crime and not to punish maliciously, or form a spirit of revenge† (Waters, Kathy. (September 2002) Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections. Past, Present and Future. Are We Prepared to Go There? Retrieved on June 7, 2007 from ojp.usdoj.gov/probation/chap3.htm). In 1878, Massachusetts followed Augustus’s lead and formally established probation and provided for a paid staff of probationers. On March 5, 1925 the National Probation Act was signed by President Calvin Coolidge. The Administration of federal probation was assigned to the Department of Justice under the Office of the Attorney General and placed under the direction of the Bureau of Prisons. In 1927 the first probation officers were appointed. There were three (3) in total. The position required that a person be high school graduates with at least 14 college credits and three years experience in social work. The age requirement was 21 through 54 with retirement age set at 70. By 1930 only five more probation officers were added. Probation and Parole has continued to grow since the 30s, more than 4.1 million people were on probation and 784,208 were on parole at the end of 2005. Probation and parole are integral to criminal and juvenile justice in the states. There are two major areas in the trends that affect probation and parole. These are environmental trends and strategic trends. According to William Burrell, â€Å"The environmental factors that have an impact on probation and parole include organizational structure, workload, resources and funding and legislative/political initiatives and support. The organizational structure of probation and parole is stable. Unlike the period of the late 1970s and early 1980s when parole came under attack and was abolished in 16 states, no large scale efforts are underway in terms of significantly altering the organizational structure of these community-based correctional agencies† (Trends in Probation and Parole in the States. Retrieved on June 7, 2007 from http:www.appa-net.org;/ccheadlines/docs/Trends_Probatin_Parole.pdf). The workloads for probation and parole are increasing rapidly. The funding to support this increase is not there. Therefore the caseloads for officers are sometimes overwhelming. Probation and parole receive only a small portion of the Department of Corrections budget. This lack of funding can cause less than adequate representation for the probationer or parolee. Collaboration and partnerships, results driven management, re-emergence of rehabilitation, specialization, technology, and community justice are strategic trends in probation and parole. Collaboration and partnerships – Probation and parole agencies realize that they cannot successfully do their jobs alone. They realize that they need expertise and assistance of others. Probation and parole officers have built good relationships with police officers, clerks of courts, judges, drug counselors, teachers, and employment specialist. These relationships help officers to do their jobs successfully and ensure that their charges have every opportunity for reform. Results-Driven Management – Probation and Parole are no different than any other organization, they must demonstrate both what they are doing and what the results of this action are. Are they providing adequate supervision and what are the results of this supervision? Does it meet the standards of expectation or do some changes need to take affect? Re-emergence of Rehabilitation – Probation and parole needs to make significant role redefinition and organizational changes to embrace a rehabilitative model. The large caseloads of probation officers will hinder the effectiveness of the rehabilitative model. Probation officers need the resources and funding to continue to help offenders becomes rehabilitated. The officers need to be able to monitor each and every one of his or her charges to effectively keep them on the right track. Specialization – The number of â€Å"special needs† offenders have increased drastically over the years. There are more offenders who are drug addicts, mentally ill, sex offenders, drunk drivers, gang members, violent offenders and offenders will a combination of all the above. These offenders need special programs and supervision to help them succeed. The large case loads per officers make it difficult for the officers to provide these needs to all the offenders. Technology – Advancement in technology has helped probation and parole with supervision of some offenders. The electronic monitoring device helps officers to supervisor offenders on house arrest. The hand-held breathe test machine helps to detect if a person has been drinking. There are always new technologies to help probation and parole agencies but again because of funding they are not always affordable to the agencies. Community Justice – Community justice systems involve the victim and the community in the sentencing and sanctioning of the offender. The courts can decide the victim should receive some form of restitution. The offender could be sentenced to do community service such as picking-up litter on the side of highways or volunteering in community offices. All of the trends show that improved performance of probation and parole agencies will lead to less crime and increased safety. Investing in increased capacity and capability will deliver effective probation and parole services which in return will provide a return in justice and community safety. This will also ensure a future for probation and parole in the criminal justice system. Probation and parole have become popular with judges as part of sentencing of offenders. With this increase in popularity has come with an increase of caseloads for probation and parole officers. This has caused the effectiveness of probation and parole to decrease. The types of offenders have changed over the years and with this change the specialization of officers have fallen behind. There are several solutions a person can talk about for the probation and parole system. One solution is to either hire more officers or decrease the number of offenders who are placed on probation or parole. This decrease in offenders on probation and parole will put another burden on the prison system. The prison systems are overcrowded now and like the probation and parole agencies cannot easily handle this increase. Another solution is to create more community programs to place the offenders in, such as more affordable rehabilitation centers for alcohol, drug, or even sexual addicts. This increase would mean the government would have to find the money to build the facilities and staff such facilities. This definitely would be a good solution but there is no money for such a solution. Another solution could be as simple as redefining the roles of the probation officers on staff at the moment. Such as most organizations of certain departments that handle different aspects of their organization, probation and parole agencies could again try this option. If probation and parole could reorganize the caseloads for each officer and give each officer only certain type of offenders, this might help the officers to be able to organize programs for their offenders. For example, if a probation officer’s caseload only included alcohol offenders the officer could possibly set up group meetings for the alcoholics such as the AA groups. The officer could set up programs within their department for random testing of the offenders. It just seems that if each probation officer only had certain types of offenders it could help to increase the supervision of such offenders. This increase in supervision would cause a decrease in repeat offenders. However, again this is not always a possibility in the smaller departments. If there were more alcohol offenders than drug offenders then one officer would be caring most of the load which would definitely cause a decrease in effectiveness. Probation and parole is still an effective means to help cut the cost to the community and government for housing of offenders in prison. Not only is it costly to house offenders in the prison system but not all offenses are serious enough to need this type of housing. A person who is convicted of their first Driving under the Influence charge or their first offense for any crime does not need to be house in the prison system. This is where probation and parole could prove effective in making sure the person does not become a repeat offender. It is always better if the courts are able to give person probation for first and possibly even second offenses. It not only saves money but it could help to keep this person from being housed with hardened criminals, which could cause this person to become a repeat offender or possibly even commit worse crimes. This author feels that there are times when a person should have some jail time to serve just to give them an idea of what it could be like to be in prison but only due time in a local jail. Then this person could be placed on probation for a certain amount of time to make sure that he or she gets the help they need to not become repeat offenders. Reference Burrell, William D. Trends in Probation and Parole in the States. Retrieved on June 7, 2007 from http:www.appa-net.org;/ccheadlines/docs/Trends_Probatin_Parole.pdf Panzarella, R. (2002, December). Theory and Practice of Probation on Bail in the Report of John Augustus. Federal Probation, 66(3), 38. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from Academic Search Premier Database. Waters, Kathy. (September 2002) Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections. Past, Present and Future. Are We Prepared to Go There? Retrieved on June 7, 2007 from ojp.usdoj.gov/probation/chap3.htm Research Papers on Probation and Parole Through HistoryCapital PunishmentThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAWAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtUnreasonable Searches and Seizures19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Cons of Cloning essays

Cons of Cloning essays Many people say that everyone in the world has a twin. Today, science and technology has the ability to make this myth reality through the process of cloning. I am strongly against cloning for many reasons. People should not utilize cloning because it would destroy individuality and uniqueness, cause overpopulation, animal cruelty, it is against morals and ethics, and it violates many religious beliefs. In order to strongly argue against cloning, there must be an understanding of its process and what exactly it is. Simply stated, a clone is a duplicate just like a photocopy. A good example of such copies that occur are identical twins, which are duplicates of each other. The first step of DNA cloning is to isolate a complete gene and is to chromosomal sequences and then to gradually begin flaking the chromosomal sequences of a single DAN molecule. Then the DNA clone can be electronically labeled and used as a probe to isolate the chromosomal sequences from a collection of different types of genes, which should contain cloned sequences that would represent the whole gene. This action will produce new sets of cloned cells identical to the mother cell. The new set of cells are isolated and likewise the simplified process is repeated all over again until the cells form a complete organ. In order to produce a complete organism the DNA must be altered in a variety of way to come out with the finished product to be the complete organism. In simple terms, a cell is taken from a donor woman. Then an unfertilized egg is taken from a second woman. The DNA from the cell is removed and transferred to the egg. The egg is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The resulting baby is genetically identical to the original donor. Human cloning destroys individuality and uniqueness. What makes people unique is the fact that we have different genes and cloning would lose these important part...